Introduction Due to the demands to improve life and health conditions of patients with osteoarthritis (OA), minimally invasive surgeries have been favorable to obtain satisfactory results when performing knee arthroplasty.[1] Rapid recovery surgical protocols are evidence-based multidisciplinary approaches targeted on multimodal patient care and primarily focused on enhancing functional recovery of patients. These protocols include patient education to cope with anxiety and stress of surgery, nutritional planning and avoidance of long hours of fasting, preemptive analgesia, avoidance of tourniquet use, rational antibiotic prophylaxis, local infiltration anesthesia, and early physical therapy modalities. The ultimate aims of assembling these surgical protocols are to decrease mortality and morbidity, length of hospital stay (LOS), and eventually hospital costs while obtaining maximum patient satisfaction.[2-4] Surgical approaches when performing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) include standard medial parapatellar (MPP) approach and minimal invasive approaches such as mini-midvastus (MMV) and subvastus approaches.[2,3,5] Possible advantages of not performing quadriceps tendon splitting in MV surgical approach (such as less pain, earlier functional recovery, enhanced quadriceps muscle strength, and better range of motion [ROM]) convinced surgeons to prefer minimal invasive approaches to MPP approach when performing rapid recovery protocols in TKA patients.[3] In addition, better surgical outcomes with traditional protocols in short-term reports in favor of minimal invasive approaches also encouraged rapid recovery protocol builders to prefer minimal invasive approaches.[3,4,6,7] However, these recommendations are not evidence based and, to our knowledge, there is no study comparing surgical outcomes between minimal invasive approaches and MPP approach in terms of pain, LOS and functional recovery in fast-track TKA patients.[8-12] In addition, Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society declared a consensus statement at the beginning of 2020 about perioperative care in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and TKA, and recommended that more evidence is needed to prefer one type of surgical approach over another in terms of the use of a minimally invasive technique with an ERAS® set up.[13] Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the effects of MMV versus MPP approach on rapid recovery protocols during TKA. Go to: Patients and Methods This single-center, prospective, randomized, single- blinded study was conducted at the Orthopedics and Traumatology Department in Pamukkale University Medical Faculty. The study protocol was approved by the Pamukkale University Non-invasive Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Approval date and number: 06.03.2018/05). A written informed consent was obtained from each patient. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) age between 50 to 85 years, (ii) patients scheduled for unilateral TKA surgery due to primary OA, and (iii) patients capable of understanding verbal and written instructions. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (i) revision TKA surgery, (ii) American Society of Anesthesiologists score >3, (iii) previous major orthopedic surgery in either lower extremities, (iv) neurologic compromise, (v) psychiatric problems, (vi) regular hypnotic and/or anxiolytic medication usage, (vii) dementia, or (viii) patients participated in a particular physical activity program within the last three months. Fifty-six patients were enrolled in this study between May 2018 and March 2019. Patients were randomized into two groups by a computer program to generate random numbers and assign participants to either the MMV or MPP group. Two patients were lost to follow-up and a total of 54 patients (4 males, 50 females; mean age 64.1±6.4 years) (27 in each group) were enrolled. Mean ages of the patients in MMV and MPP groups were 65.0±6.4 years and 63.2±6.3 years. Rapid recovery TKA protocol and discharge criteria were assembled by a multidisciplinary team comprising an orthopedic surgeon, anesthesiologist, and physiotherapists and nursing care services, and this supervised protocol was applied to all patients. Clinical and demographic variables of the participants were recorded and patients were evaluated preoperatively, and at postoperative fourth and twelfth weeks by a blinded observer. Knee ROM was assessed with a digital goniometer (HALO Medical Devices, Perth, Australia); quadriceps muscle strength was measured (unit=newton [N]) with a hand-held dynamometer (Commander Muscle Tester, JTech, Midvale, Utah, USA); Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) were used to determine patient-reported activity limitations; 30-second chair-stand test and stair-climb test were performed for performance- based activity limitations; Short Form-36 (SF-36) was used for quality of life evaluations. Long-leg radiographs of the patients were evaluated pre- and postoperatively by using digital orthopedic templating software: Materialise OrthoView (OrthoView version 7, Materialise HQ, Technologielaan 15 3001 Leuven, Belgium). Hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angles, femorotibial angles, lateral proximal femoral angles (LPFA), lateral distal femoral angles (LDFA), medial proximal tibial angles (MPTA), lateral distal tibial angles (LDTA), and tibial posterior slope angles were all measured and recorded by a blinded observer. All patients received preoperative informative classes about TKA procedure, nutritional and nursing support, and physical therapy and rehabilitation applications. Booklets concerning all these classes were also handed out to all patients. Excluding diabetics, all patients received oral carbohydrate (12.5% carbohydrate liquid solution [Fantomalt, Nutricia, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands]) loading on the night before the operation (between 19:00 and 23:00) and two hours before the operation. Solid foods were allowed up to sixth preoperative hour and liquids were allowed up to second preoperative hour. Early oral feeding was started at fourth to sixth postoperative hours for all patients. Intravenous midazolam 1-2 mg and fentanyl 50-100 μg were applied to all patients 30-45 minutes preoperatively. Except 12 patients, all patients received spinal anesthesia. Seven patients due to previous lumbar fusion and five patients due to personal preference received general anesthesia. All operations were performed by the same surgeon using the same brand and type of prosthesis. MPP and MMV approaches were performed as described in the literature.[14] All patients received posterior stabilized fixed bearing TKA (NexGen Legacy® Posterior Stabilized Knee-Fixed Bearing, Zimmer-Biomet Inc., Warsaw, Indiana, USA), and high viscosity polymethyl methacrylate bone cement (Oliga-G21 srl-Via S.Pertini, San Possidonio [MO], Italy). All operations were performed without using tourniquet. Local infiltration anesthesia (20 mL bupivacaine hydrochloride, 1 g fentanyl, 1 g cefazolin sodium, 0.3 mL epinephrine, and diluted volume of physiologic serum [0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl)] to 50 mL) was injected to posterior capsule just before the application of permanent implants, and to anterior capsule, prepatellar fat pad and periligamentous nociceptive receptors following consolidation of bone cement. One gram of intravenous (IV) tranexamic acid was injected at least 30 minutes before the incision, 1 g of diluted trenexamic acid to 30 mL by physiologic serum (0.9% NaCl) was given intraarticularly following the closure of the wound, and another 1 g was infused at the second postoperative hour. For preemptive analgesia, paracetamol 500 mg tablets were prescribed three times as two tablets per day beginning from three days before the operation. One gram of IV infusion of paracetamol was given just after the operation in postoperative care unit and continued as three times of 1 g IV infusion. First-line rescue analgesic was intramuscular 75 mg diclofenac sodium and second-line analgesic was IV 100 mg tramadol hydrochloride. One gram of IV cefazolin sodium was applied 30 minutes before the incision as antibiotic prophylaxis. Low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin sodium) 4,000 IU/0.8 mL/day was used subcutaneously as thromboembolic prophylaxis starting at the postoperative sixth to eighth hours and continued for 20 days. Patients were mobilized at the fourth hour following surgery and standard physiotherapy program was scheduled during hospitalization (cold-pack once in every 2 hours for 15 minutes, ankle pump exercises, quadriceps isometric exercises, active assisted heel slide exercises in bed, and knee flexion exercises in sitting position/three sets×10 repeats). Patients were evaluated regularly every two hours during the postoperative period and those fulfilling the discharge criteria were released from the hospital and LOS was recorded for every patient. The standard discharge criteria were as follows: Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score at rest <3, VAS score during mobilization <5, able to get dressed independently, able to get in and out of bed, able to sit and rise from a chair/toilet seat, independence in personal care, mobilization with walker/crutches, able to walk >70 meters without risk of fall with walking aid, no incision problem. The discharged patients were instructed for a standard home-based exercise program. Patients were also asked to visit the ward at a biweekly interval for the update of the exercise program for the first eight weeks. Fifteen to 40 minutes of walking exercises were also prescribed for five days/week between ninth and twelfth weeks. Statistical analysis Priori power analysis concerning quadriceps muscle strength[10] showed that at an effect size of d=0.7, 52 patients are needed (26 patients for each group) to obtain 80% power (1-beta=0.80) with 95% confidence interval (alpha=0.05). The data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows 24.0 version software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables were given as mean ± standard deviation, median (minimum and maximum) and categorical variable values were presented as absolute numbers and percentages. The conformity of continuous variables with normal distribution was evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Independent samples t-test for parametric test assumptions and Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametric test assumptions were used for comparison of the groups. One-way repeated- measure analysis of variance was used to compare the normally distributed data from the parameters repeatedly measured in the inner-group analysis, and Friedman analysis of variance was performed for the remaining data set. Statistical significance was set at p≤0.05. Go to: Results Demographic characteristics of the patients are given in Table I. Mean LOS was 27.6±3.1 hours for MMV group and 29.1±6.7 hours for MPP group. There was no statistical difference between groups in terms of age and LOS. Mean operative time was 78.1±2.7 minutes for MMV group and 65.9±2.6 minutes for MPP group. There was a statistically significant difference between groups for the operative time (p<0.0005). There was no statistical difference between groups in terms of hemoglobin and hematocrit values both pre- and postoperatively (p>0.05) (Table II).   Table 1 Demographic characteristics of patients       Mini-midvastus     Medial parapatellar   Variables n % Mean±SD Min-Max n % Mean±SD Min-Max p Age (year)     65.0±6.4 52-81     63.2±6.3 51-73 0.288 (t=-1.072) Height (meter)     1.6±0.1 1.50-1.78     1.6±0.1 1.47-1.80 0.957 (t=0.055) Weight (kilogram)     73.1±9.8 56-105     77.3±12.0 60-110 0.171 (z=-1.369) BMI (kg/m2)     28.3±3.2 22.04-34.13     29.8±3.1 21.77-34.48 0.088 (t=1.739) Sex                   Female 26 96.3     24 88.9       Male 1 3.7     3 11.1       Dominant side                   Right 27 100     25 92.6       Left - -     2 7.4       Operated knee                   Right 12 44.4     12 44.4       Left 15 55.6     15 55.6       Anesthesia                   Spinal anesthesia 12 44.4     12 44.4       General anesthesia 15 55.6     15 55.6       SD: Standard deviation; Min: Minimum; Max: Maximum; BMI: Body mass index. Open in a separate window   Table 2 Pre- and postoperative mean values of measured variables   Mini-midvastus Medial parapatellar p1 Mean±SD Min-Max Mean±SD Min-Max Hemoglobin Preoperative Postoperative 12.9±1.5  10.3±1.4 9.5-15.5  7.2-12.5 13.0±1.1  10.5±1.2 10.9-15.6  8.1-12.1 0.744 (t=0.329)  0.490 (t= 0.695) P2 0.000 (t:23.626) 0.000 (t:14.889)   Hematocrit           Preoperative 39.4±3.4 32.6-44.6 39.1±5.9 31.1-46.70 0.407 (t=0.836) Postoperative 30.7±5.5 24.60-38.40 32.1±3.1 26.40-37.40 0.363 (t=0.917) P2 0.000 (z:-4.542) 0.000 (z:-4.543)   Length of hospital stay (hour) 27.6±3.1 25.06-40.44 29.1±6.7 25.10-51.32 0.387 (z=-0.865) Operative time (minute) 78.1±2.7 71-82 65.9±2.6 62-71 0.000 (t=-17.165) SD: Standard deviation; Min: Minimum; Max: Maximum; p1 value of between group comparison analyses. t: Independent samples t-test; z: Mann-Whitney U test; p2 value of within group comparison analyses. t: Independent samples t-test; z: Mann-Whitney U test. Open in a separate window   Preoperative and postoperative fourth and twelfth weeks evaluations of quadriceps muscle strength of operated extremity were significantly in favor of MMV group; however, there was no significant difference between groups in terms of difference of changes in any time of evaluations (p>0.05). MMV group had an average of 22.24% gain and MPP group had 19.6% gain in quadriceps muscle strength at the final postoperative follow-up in contrast to preoperative values. Operated knee ROM measurements, 30-seceond chair-stand tests, and stair-climb tests did not show any statistical difference between groups (p>0.05) (Table III).   Table 3 Pre- and postoperative mean values of measured variables   Mini-midvastus Medial parapatellar     Mean±SD Min-Max Mean±SD Min-Max p1 Operated knee quadriceps muscle strength (Newton) 107.9±29.8 52.80-180.66 88.4±22.7 38.87-131.67 0.011 (z=-2.528) Preoperative 127.8±32.9 67.46-181.33 99.3±27.2 60.13-186 0.002 (z=-3.167)  4th week 131.9±26.4 100.33-187.33 105.7±26.9 65.27-172.67 0.002 (z=-3.066) 12th week 0.0201-3 (F=4.235) 0.0241-3 (F=4.025)   P2           Operated knee quadriceps muscle strength change           Preoperative and 4th week 19.9±44.0 -65.47-93.34 11.0±35.3 -49.53-99.47 0.415 (t=-0.821) 4th week and 12th week 4.1±47.3 -76.33-78.87 6.4±30.5 -58.40-82.07 0.836 (t=0.208 Operated knee flexion angle       Preoperative 104.9±8.7 87-125 104.9±9.6 85-120 0.976 (t=0.030) 4th week 107.2±10.1 85-125 108.6±8.0 82-120 0.509 (z=-0.660) 12th week 107.3±8.7 92-125 110.9±8.5 95-125 0.130 (t=1.540) P2 0.0281-3 (χ2=7.173) 0.018 (F=4.349)   Operated knee extension lag       Preoperative -12.3±4.7 -20- -5 -14.6±7.4 -31 - -2 0.174 (t=-1.380) 4th week -11.9±5.7 -25-0 -11.7±5.9 -20 - 0 0.870 (t=-0.160) 12th week -9.8±4.5 -18- -1 -9.5±6.4 -25 - 0 0.826 (t=0.221) P2 0.0132-3 (χ2=8.747) *0.0051-2.1-3 (F=5.793)   30-second chair-stand test       Preoperative 10.0±2.6 6-18 9.3±2.9 2-14 0.358 (t=-0.927) 4th week 10.9±3.2 6-21 10.0±2.0 6-16 0.251 (z=-1.149) 12th week 12.1±3.1 7-18 11.1±2.5 6-17 0.485 (z=-0.699) P2 0.090 (χ2=4.822) 0.0001-3. 2-3 (χ2=22.404)   Stair-climb test         Preoperative 25.1±9.3 11.18-49.50 29.0±10.1 14.11-55.02 0.092 (z=-1.687) 4th week 23.1±7.0 9.85-40 25.0±7.8 11.15-46.97 0.467 (z=-0.727) 12th week 19.5±7.3 6.74-32.78 21.7±8.3 10.12-42.29 0.300 (t=1.046) P2 0.0091-3.2-3 (χ2=9.407) 0.0001-2.1-3.2-3 (F=13.145)   SD: Standard deviation; Min: Minimum; Max: Maximum; p1 value of between group comparison analyses; t: Independent samples t-test; z: Mann-Whitney U test; p2 value of within group comparison analyses; F, repeated-measure ANOVA; χ2: Friedman test; 1-2: Preoperative vs. fourth week; 1-3: Preoperative vs. 12th week; 2-3: Fourth week vs. 12th week. Open in a separate window   The WOMAC and KOOS patient-related activity limitations were given in Table IV and SF-36 quality of life evaluation results were given in Table V. There was no statistically significant difference between groups for pre- and postoperative WOMAC, KOOS, and SF-36 evaluations (p>0.05).   Table 4 Pre- and postoperative patient reported outcomes   Mini-midvastus Medial parapatellar     Mean±SD Min-Max Mean±SD Min-Max p1 WOMAC-pain         Preoperative 10.3±5.4 0-20 11.9±3.3 7-19 0.176 (t=1.373) 4th week 5.0±3.3 0-11 5.7±2.8 1-11 0.449 (t=0.762) 12th week 4.8±4.1 0-16 3.6±3.1 0-10 0.342 (z=-0.951) P2 0.0001-2,1-3 (F=17.711) 0.0001-2,1-3,2-3 (F=59.915)   WOMAC-stiffness         Preoperative 3.3±2.2 0-8 4.9±2.1 0-8 0.007 (t=2.833) 4th week 1.6±1.4 0-4 2.4±1.7 0-5 0.074 (z=-1.784) 12th week 1.8±1.6 0-6 1.8±2.1 0-8 0.676 (z=-0.418) P2 0.0021-3 (χ2=12.549) 0.0001-3 (χ2=16.725)   WOMAC-physical function       Preoperative 32.3±17.4 0-72 40.7±8.9 27-57 0.031 (t=2.234) 4th week 18.1±11.7 0-44 17.2±8.9 2-40 0.755 (t=-0.314) 12th week 14.6±11.1 2-51 12.1±10.0 0-43 0.349 (z=-0.936) P2 0.0001-2,1-3 (F=20.096) 0.0001-2,1-3, 2-3 (F=105.669)   WOMAC-total         Preoperative 45.7±23.7 2-96 57.5±12.7 36-80 0.028 (t=2.286) 4th week 24.6±15.4 0-55 25.2±11.9 5-55 0.875 (t=0.158) 12th week 21.2±16.2 2-72 17.5±14.3 0-61 0.377 (z=-0.883) P2 0.0001-2,1-3 (F=20.824) 0.000 (F=77.095)1-2;1-3   KOOS-pain           Preoperative 47.0±22.2 2.78-88.89 35.0±16.4 2.78-69.44 0.028 (t=-2.265) 4th week 68.6±17.8 33.33-100 67.6±16.4 36.11-100 0.826 (t=-0.221) 12th week 77.9±18.4 16.67-100 80.9±17.7 36.11-10 0.504 (z=-0.668) P2 0.0001-2,1-3,2-3 (χ2=32.874) 0.0001-2,1-3,2-3 (χ2=40.056)   KOOS-symptoms         Preoperative 57.0±23.9 10.71-92.86 40.2±19.5 10.71-75 0.007 (t=-2.831) 4th week 74.1±12.6 46.42-96.43 73.9±12.9 50-100 0.970 (t=-0.038) 12th week 76.6±16.4 28.57-100 75.0±14.7 32.14-100 0.710 (t= -0.374) P2 0.0001-2;1-3 (χ2=35.126) 0.0001-2;1-3 (F=77.095)   KOOS-daily life         Preoperative 52.3±25.8 2.94-100 42.4±15.0 5.88-76.47 0.0949 (t=-1.716) 4th week 74.7±17.6 44.11-100 74.2±15.5 39.71-97.06 0.916 (t=-0.106) 12th week 80.5±14.0 42.65-100 83.6±14.3 70.59-100 0.354 (z=-0.927) P2 0.0001-2,1-3 (F=27.844) 0.0001-2,1-3 (χ2=37.589)   KOOS-sports and recreation       Preoperative 13.3±24.1 0-100 3.9±7.4 0-25 0.023 (z=-2.278) 4th week 33.7±24.8 0-85 20.9±15.6 0-60 0.073 (z=-1.794) 12th week 43.9±24.8 0-85 30.4±25.2 0-90 0.044 (z=-2.015) P2 0.0001-2,1-3,2-3 (χ2=23.426) 0.0001-2,1-3 (χ2=29.753)   KOOS-quality of life         Preoperative 28.9±21.0 0-87.5 22.2±20.3 0-68.75 0.227 (z=-1.208) 4th week 51.4±20.6 6.25-87.5 53.7±24.2 12.5-93.75 0.707 (t=0.378) 12th week 56.5±24.0 0-93.75 63.0±26.2 18.75-100 0.348 (t=0.946) P2 0.0001-2,1-3 (F=21.788) 0.0001-2,1-3 (F=24.908)   SD: Standard deviation; Min: Minimum; Max: Maximum; WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; KOOS: Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; p1 value of between group comparison analyses; t: Independent samples t-test; z: Mann-Whitney U test; P2 value of within group comparison analyses; F: Repeated-measure ANOVA; χ2: Friedman test; 1-2: Preoperative vs. fourth week; 1-3: Preoperative vs. 12th week; 2-3: Fourth week vs. 12th week. Open in a separate window   Table 5 Pre- and postoperative patient reported outcomes   Mini-midvastus Medial parapatellar     Mean±SD Min-Max Mean±SD Min-Max p1 SF-36 physical functioning       Preoperative 34.8±22.1 0-100 22.0±15.1 0-65 0.016 (t=-2.480) 4th week 54.4±25.2 5-100 58.3±19.2 25-95 0.527 (t=0.638) 12th week 63.3±21.6 5-100 67.2±23.4 10-100 0.529 (t=0.635) P2 0.0001-2,1-3(F=16.501) 0.0001-2,1-3 (F=45.054)   SF-36 role physical         Preoperative 17.7±36.5 0-100 5.6±17.4 0-75 0.142 (z=-1.469) 4th week 28.7±37.8 0-100 31.5±43.1 0-100 0.931 (z=-0.087) 12th week 40.7±41.7 0-100 56.5±46.8 0-100 0.303 (z=-1.029) P2 0.093(χ2=4.761) 0.0001-3 (χ2=19.433)   SF-36 role emotional         Preoperative 43.2±47.0 0-100 42.0±49.4 0-100 0.839 (z=-0.203) 4th week 42.0±39.9 0-100 64.2±47.1 0-100 0.056 (z=-1.911) 12th week 50.6±47.5 0-100 64.2±46.2 0-100 0.263 (z=-1.120) P2 0.408 (χ2=1.794) 0.148 (χ2=3.825)   SF-36 vitality         Preoperative 47.22±24.81 15-100 55±25.9 0-100 0.253 (z=-1.144) 4th week 55.55±22.28 0-100 61.7±18.5 30-100 0.278 (t=1.096) 12th week 56.85±22.02 15-100 63.5±23.9 20-100 0.292 (t= 1.065) P2 0.0331-3(F=3.637)  0.690 (χ2=0.742)     SF-36 mental health         Preoperative 58.7±18.6 20-96 64±26.9 20-100 0.235 (z=-1.189) 4th week 68.9±19.7 28-100 72.6±18.9 28-100 0.480 (t= 0.712) 12th week 68.6±18.4 32-100 73.3±20.1 24-100 0.370 (t=0.904) P2 0.0041-2,1-3 (F=6.299) 0,193 (χ2=3.293)   SF-36 social functioning         Preoperative 61.6±29.6 0-100 50.1±30.5 0-100 0.167 (t=-1.403) 4th week 53.2±34.8 0-100 63.9±31.1 0-100 0.224 (z=-1.216) 12th week 63.4±31.4 0-100 77.8±28.2 12.5-100 0.075 (z=-1.782) P2 0.379(F=0.988) 0.0061-3 (F=5.633)   SF-36 bodily pain         Preoperative 37.0±22.3 0-100 31.0±20.7 0-87.5 0.316 (z=-1.002) 4th week 49.3±23.7 10-100 57.3±27.0 10-100 0.249 (t=-1.165) 12th week 62.1±25.3 22.5-100 67.8±24.0 32.5-100 0.448 (z=-0.760) P2 0.0001-3(F=11.466) 0.0001-2,1-3 (F=17.845)   SF-36 general health         Preoperative 57.6±22.6 5-100 64.3±26.7 10-100 0.238 (z=-1.180) 4th week 70.4±17.2 35-100 68.7±22.4 20-100 0.761 (t=-0.306) 12th week 64.8±20.8 20-100 71.5±22.9 20-100 0.268 (t=1.120) P2 0.341(χ2=2.154) 0.290 (χ2=2.477)   SD: Standard deviation; Min: Minimum; Max: Maximum; SF-36: Short Form-36; p1 value of between group comparison analyses. t: Independent samples t-test; z: Mann-Whitney U test; P2 value of within group comparison analyses; F: Repeated-measure ANOVA; c2: Friedman test; 1-2: Preoperative vs. fourth week; 1-3: Preoperative vs. 12th week; 2-3: Fourth week vs. 12th week. Open in a separate window   Although there was a significant difference between LDFA and LPFA values in preoperative evaluations (p=0.001 and p=0.029, respectively), postoperative measurements showed no difference between groups (p>0.05). In addition, HKA angles, femorotibial angle, MPTA, LDTA, and tibial posterior slope angle, and tibiofemoral angle measurements did not show any significant difference between groups in both pre- and postoperative measurements (p>0.05) (Table VI).   Table 6 Pre- and postoperative measured radiologic variables   Mini-midvastus Medial parapatellar p1 Mean±SD Min-Max Mean±SD Min-Max Hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA)           Preoperative 12.3±3.6 5.9-17.8 13.8±4.4 6.20-28.10 0.316 (z=-1.004) Postoperative 2.7±1.8 0.5-8.6 3.4±2.3 0.5-8 0.302 (z=-1.032) P2 0.021(t=2.467)   0.000(t=12.674)     Femur-tibia angle           Preoperative 7.0±4.0 0-13.80 7.8±4.2 0.5-15.2 0.466 (t=0.735) Postoperative 4.8±2.8 0- 10.6 4.3±2.3 0.8-8 0.470 (t=-0.727) P2 0.000(t=4.624)   0.000(t=4.624)     Lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA)           Preoperative 89.1±3.4 79.90-96.70 91.8±2.5 86.60-96 0.001 (t=3.367) Postoperative 90.0±2.4 82.90-94 90.6±1.8 87.90-94.80 0.333 (t=0.976) P2 0.109(t=-1.661)   0.005(t=3.069)     Lateral proximal femoral angle (LPFA)           Preoperative 90.3±3.3 83-96.5 87.2±7.4 72.90-93.20 0.029 (z=-2.181) Postoperative 90.5±3.4 81.60-99 90.1±3.5 81.60-96.30 0.692 (t=-0.398) P2 0.746(t=-0.348)   0.000(z:-3.544)     Medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA)           Preoperative 85.7±2.7 80-95 86.2±3.5 81-94 0.494 (t=1.221) Postoperative 90.1±1.8 88-96 89.3±1.7 84-92 0.092 (t=0.096) P2 0.001 (t=5.791)   0.000(t=3.036)     Lateral distal tibial angle (LDTA)           Preoperative 88.3±3.5 80.80-94.40 88.4±4.1 80.30-96.30 0.904 (t=0.122) Postoperative 89.2±2.9 82.90-94.50 88.2±4.4 73.10-94 0.373 (z=-0.891) P2 0.197(t=-1.324)   0.667(t=0.435)     Tibia posterior inclination angle           Preoperative 9.1±3.2 4-16 8.7±4.8 1-19.30 0.698 (t=-0.390) Postoperative 5.4±1.4 2.8 -7.6 5.7±2.0 1.9-10 0.470 (t=0.729) P2 0.000(t=6.029)   0.007(t=2.906)     Tibiofemoral angle  Postoperative 5.8±2.0 2.1-9.8 6.30±3.195.2 1-13 0.466 (t=0.735) SD: Standard deviation; Min: Minimum; Max: Maximum; SF-36: Short Form-36; p1 value of between group comparison analyses; p2 value of within group comparison analyses; t: Independent samples t-test; z: Mann-Whitney U test. Open in a separate window   Go to: Discussion The most important finding of our study is that MMV approach does not have an advantageous effect on the quadriceps muscle strength, pain, function, LOS, and other outcomes in the rapid recovery protocol applied TKA patients. However, operative time was found to be shorter in favor of MPP approach in this study. Quadriceps muscle strength plays an important role in dynamic control of knee joint and distribution of forces on knee joint. Feczko et al.[15] and Lin et al.[16] reported no significant difference between MMV and MPP approaches in terms of postoperative quadriceps muscle strength in traditional protocol applied TKA patients. On the other hand, Yuan et al.[17] included eight prospective randomized controlled trials and eight retrospective studies in their meta-analysis and reported that quadriceps sparing approach may accelerate early recovery without increasing the risk of malposition of the prosthesis. However, none of the studies included in meta-analysis was perfomed using rapid recovery protocols. There is also other research in the literature reporting short- term postoperative quadriceps muscle strength in favor of MMV approach without any difference in long-term follow-up.[12,18] Therefore, there is no clear- cut consensus in the literature concerning quadriceps muscle strength in MMV and MPP approaches.[11,12,15,16] Even though the fact that quadriceps muscle strength is better with MMV approach only in the early period, this may suggest additional gains in patients undergoing rapid recovery protocol. On the other hand, in our study, we found that the two surgical methods were not superior to each other in terms of quadriceps muscle strength gain. We believe that the rehabilitation program carried out by a single team with the active participation of the patients along with preoperative patient education classes might have played an important role in gaining postoperative quadriceps muscle strength equally in both groups. Postoperative pain determines function, quality of life, and utmost patient satisfaction in early postoperative period. Huang et al.[18] and Liu et al.[19] compared MPP and MMV approaches with traditional protocols in terms of postoperative pain in their studies and reported no significant difference. On the other hand, some research in the literature reported postoperative pain in favor of MMV approach.[15,20,21] In our study, we did not detect any difference between groups in terms of postoperative pain. Preemptive analgesia protocol, local infiltration analgesia, and effective postoperative pain management protocol might all have an effect on this finding in our study. Length of hospital stay is one of the major predictors of the success of the rapid recovery protocols. Decreased LOS stay decreases hospital costs as well as postoperative complications. Therefore, minimal invasive approaches are proposed to be used in rapid recovery protocols targeting a possible decrease in hospital stay. However, in our study, there was no significant difference between MMV and MMP approaches in terms of LOS. Success of rapid recovery pain control protocols, preoperative patient education classes, supervised early mobilization and physiotherapy protocols, and application of discharge criteria are thought to be the major factors in our study for shorter LOS compared to similar studies in the literature.[8-10,22,23] Antony-Leo et al.[24] reported better quality of life and joint specific outcome scores in minimal invasive group than MPP group following a structured 12-week rehabilitation care in their double-blind randomized controlled trial. Although authors’ 12-week rehabilitation program was similar to our 12-week rehabilitation program, this randomized controlled trial was not set up with ERAS® protocol, and they compared subvastus approach with MPP in contrast to comparison of MMV approach with MPP in our study. There were no significant differences between MMV and MPP approaches in terms of postoperative knee ROM in our study as it has been reported in most of the other studies with traditional protocols in the literature.[8,11,21,25] Contemporary supervised early physiotherapy protocols have equally resulted in better functional outcomes for both of the approaches. Therefore, in terms of functional outcomes, we ascertained that neither approach has any advantageous effect with rapid recovery protocol set up in this study. Mean operative time in MMV approach was found to be longer than MMP approach in our study. Similarly, Peng et al.[26] included 19 randomized controlled trials in their meta-analysis and reported an average 18 minutes longer operative time between the minimal invasive subvastus and MPP approaches. Onggo et al.[27] reported a statistically significantly longer operative time and higher mean blood loss in the MMV than MPP approach in their meta-analysis; however, the difference was small and this was not found to be clinically relevant. In their limitations section, authors stated that due to the limited number of randomized controlled trials, only five researches were included in their meta-analyses. In addition, the clinical outcomes in their research were evaluated based on only two studies. Therefore, more studies are needed to compare the clinical outcomes of these two surgical approaches, namely MMV and MPP, for a level I evidence-based conclusion on this topic. MMV surgical approach has a longer learning curve than MMP approach. Shorter surgical incision in MMV approach may limit visibility of the surgical area at the beginning of the surgery particularly in heavier patients, and placement of retractors and cutting guides may be challenging in some cases. Therefore, these factors may lead to longer TKA operative time.[8,15,26,27] However, a few researches in the literature have reported similar operative time in both minimal invasive and MPP approaches.[8,21] This may be related to both the longer learning curve of the minimal invasive approaches and the experience of the individual surgeon. Malalignment of components in TKA may result in functional disability and premature revision of the components.[12] Due to smaller incision and limited visibility of the surgical area, it has been reported in the literature that use of minimal invasive approaches may result in component malalignment.[25] However, most of the authors have reported no significant difference between standard MPP and minimal invasive approaches in terms of component malalignment if experienced surgeons performed the TKA operations.[20,28-30] Yoo et al.[31] also reported similar clinical and radiological outcomes with minimal invasive TKA in obese patients at a minimum of five-year follow- up. In accordance with the literature, we did not detect any difference between groups in radiologic evaluations of the components. Valgus deformity in the knee may result in further limitation of the visibility of surgical area particularly in lateral site; however, all the knees we operated in our study were in varus and this may be a reason that we could avoid malalignment of the components in our minimal invasive approach. Preoperative careful deformity analysis and performance of all the operations by the same experienced surgeon might all be effective to prevent malalignment of the components in MMV group in our study. In addition, Picard et al.[32] in their study suggested the use of computer assistance such as navigation, patient specific instrumentation or robotic while shifting from standard TKA towards minimal invasive TKA instead of a sudden jump in order not to expose patients to unnecessary risks. One of the limitations of our study is the lack of evaluation of patients in postoperative period earlier than the fourth week of the operation. Most of the studies in the literature reports better results in early postoperative period in MMV approach, and similar results in late follow-up in terms of pain and function.[12,15,16] Another limitation is that we did not measure intra- and postoperative blood loss in our patients. Instead, we indirectly evaluated this by measuring hemoglobin and hematocrit values. In conclusion, although minimal invasive approaches are recommended in some of the protocols, we did not detect any advantageous effect of MMV approach over MPP approach for rapid recovery protocol applied TKA patients in terms of pain, function, quality of life evaluations, and LOS. Longer operative time in the MMV approach compared to MPP approach may be considered as a disadvantage. Go to: Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank Prof. Dr. Hakan Erbay for his valuable assistance during the preparation of the rapid recovery protocols, and Hande Şenol for data analysis. Go to: Footnotes   Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.     Financial Disclosure: Funding was received from Pamukkale University Scientific Project Department for this study (Project No: 2018TIPF017).   Go to: References 1. Sever GB, Cankuş C. The long-term results of cemented Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: A single- center experience. Eklem Hastalik Cerrahisi. 2019;30:233–240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 2. Agarwala S, Butani M, D'Mello J, Saksena S, Menon A. Decreasing hospital length of stay and enhancing recovery in Total Knee Arthroplasty. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2020;11:122–128. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 3. Husted H. Fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty: clinical and organizational aspects. Acta Orthop Suppl. 2012;83:1–39. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 4. Stowers MD, Manuopangai L, Hill AG, Gray JR, Coleman B, Munro JT. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery in elective hip and knee arthroplasty reduces length of hospital stay. ANZ J Surg. 2016;86:475–479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 5. Mora JP, Scuderi GR. Minimally Invasive Total Knee Arthroplasty: Does Surgical Technique Actually Impact the Outcome. Orthop Clin North Am. 2020;51:303–315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 6. Aslam MA, Sabir AB, Tiwari V, Abbas S, Tiwari A, Singh P. Approach to total knee replacement: A randomized double blind study between medial parapatellar and midvastus approach in the early postoperative period in asian population. J Knee Surg. 2017;30:793–797. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 7. Shukla R, Mahajan P, Singh M, Jain RK, Kumar R. Outcome of total knee replacement via two approaches in indian scenario. J Knee Surg. 2017;30:174–178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 8. Heekin RD, Fokin AA. Mini-midvastus versus mini-medial parapatellar approach for minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty: outcomes pendulum is at equilibrium. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:339–342. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 9. Karpman RR, Smith HL. Comparison of the early results of minimally invasive vs standard approaches to total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized study. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24:681–688. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 10. Chin PL, Foo LS, Yang KY, Yeo SJ, Lo NN. Randomized controlled trial comparing the radiologic outcomes of conventional and minimally invasive techniques for total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22:800–806. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 11. Dalury DF, Jiranek WA. A comparison of the midvastus and paramedian approaches for total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14:33–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 12. White RE Jr, Allman JK, Trauger JA, Dales BH. Clinical comparison of the midvastus and medial parapatellar surgical approaches. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999;367:117–122. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 13. Wainwright TW, Gill M, McDonald DA, Middleton RG, Reed M, Sahota O, et al. Consensus statement for perioperative care in total hip replacement and total knee replacement surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS®) Society recommendations. Acta Orthop. 2020;91:3–19. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 14. Scuderi GR, Tria AJ, editors. Surgical techniques in total knee arthroplasty. 1. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002. [Google Scholar] 15. Feczko P, Engelmann L, Arts JJ, Campbell D. Computer- assisted total knee arthroplasty using mini midvastus or medial parapatellar approach technique: A prospective, randomized, international multicentre trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:19–19. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 16. Lin WP, Lin J, Horng LC, Chang SM, Jiang CC. Quadriceps- sparing, minimal-incision total knee arthroplasty: a comparative study. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24:1024–1032. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 17. Yuan FZ, Zhang JY, Jiang D, Yu JK. Quadriceps-sparing versus traditional medial parapatellar approaches for total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20:117–117. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 18. Huang HT, Su JY, Chang JK, Chen CH, Wang GJ. The early clinical outcome of minimally invasive quadriceps-sparing total knee arthroplasty: report of a 2-year follow-up. J Arthroplasty. 2007;22:1007–1012. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 19. Liu H, Mei X, Zhang Z, Sun J. Mini-midvastus versus mini- medial parapatellar approach in simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty with 24-month follow-up. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2015;49:586–592. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 20. Nestor BJ, Toulson CE, Backus SI, Lyman SL, Foote KL, Windsor RE. Mini-midvastus vs standard medial parapatellar approach: a prospective, randomized, double- blinded study in patients undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25(6 Suppl):5–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 21. Laskin RS, Beksac B, Phongjunakorn A, Pittors K, Davis J, Shim JC, et al. Minimally invasive total knee replacement through a mini-midvastus incision: an outcome study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;428:74–81. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 22. Bäthis H, Perlick L, Blum C, Lüring C, Perlick C, Grifka J. Midvastus approach in total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blinded study on early rehabilitation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2005;13:545–550. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 23. Verburg H, Mathijssen NM, Niesten DD, Verhaar JA, Pilot P. Comparison of mini-midvastus and conventional total knee arthroplasty with clinical and radiographic evaluation: A prospective randomized clinical trial with 5-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 2016;98:1014–1022. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 24. Antony-Leo AP, Arun-Maiya G, Mohan-Kumar M, Vijayaraghavan PV. Structured total knee replacement rehabilitation programme and quality of life following two different surgical approaches - a randomised controlled trial. Malays Orthop J. 2019;13:20–27. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 25. Karachalios T, Giotikas D, Roidis N, Poultsides L, Bargiotas K, Malizos KN. Total knee replacement performed with either a mini-midvastus or a standard approach: a prospective randomised clinical and radiological trial. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 2008;90:584–591. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 26. Peng X, Zhang X, Cheng T, Cheng M, Wang J. Comparison of the quadriceps-sparing and subvastus approaches versus the standard parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015;16:327–327. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 27. Onggo JR, Onggo JD, Hau R. Comparable outcomes in mini-midvastus versus mini-medial parapatellar approach in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis and systematic review. ANZ J Surg. 2020;90:840–845. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 28. Kazarian GS, Siow MY, Chen AF, Deirmengian CA. Comparison of quadriceps-sparing and medial parapatellar approaches in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33:277–283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 29. Haas SB, Cook S, Beksac B. Minimally invasive total knee replacement through a mini midvastus approach: a comparative study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;428:68–73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 30. Cheng YC, Wu PK, Chen CF, Chen CM, Tsai SW, Chang MC, et al. Analysis of learning curve of minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty: A single surgeon's experience with 4017 cases over a 9-year period. J Chin Med Assoc. 2019;82:576–583. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 31. Yoo JH, Oh HC, Park SH, Kim JK, Kim SH. Does obesity affect clinical and radiological outcomes in minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty. Minimum 5-year follow- up of minimally invasive TKA in obese patients. Clin Orthop Surg. 2018;10:315–321. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 32. Picard F, Deakin A, Balasubramanian N, Gregori A. Minimally invasive total knee replacement: techniques and results. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2018;28:781–791. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]